accountancy(depreciation notes)

Ans1). The method of depreciation in which depreciation is charged at a fixed percentage on the original cost of a fixed asset every year and as a result the amount of depreciation charged every year remains constant is called fixed installment method.
(2).What is Reducing Balance Method of depreciation?
Ans2).The method of depreciation under which depreciation is charged at a fixed percentage on the written down value of fixed asset as shown at the beginning of each year, is called the Reducing Balance Method of Depreciation.
(3).Why depreciation is charged?
Ans3).Depreciation is charged every year to ascertain the true profit or loss to show the fixed asset at its true value in the Balance Sheet,and to provide for its replacement.
(4).What do u mean by scrap value of asset?
Ans4).The net amount which is expected to be realised on the final disposal of a fixed asset is called ‘scrap value”
(5).Depreciation is provided on fixed as well as current assets? false
Ans5).(a).current assets are realised in a short period so depreciation is not provided(b)depreciation is provided on fixed assets these are useful for a longer duration and further their values are reduced on account of various factors like wear and tear,passage of time,new inventions,accidents etc.
(6).It is not necessary to depreciate a fixed asset if it is not in use ?
Ans 6).Apart from wear and tear,there are other factors like passage of time, new invention,accidents etc.which may bring down the value of a fixed asset,therefore even if fixed asset are not in use deperication is charged
(7).profit cannot be computed properly unless depreciation is provided?
Ans 7).True.
Since depreciation represents fall in the value of a fixed asset,it reduces its value .it is revenue expenditure ,must be considered as such for the calculation of the ultimate profit or loss on the sale of fixed asset or of the business
(B)Practical part

accounts(bills of exchange )

Q5)Journalize the following transactions in the books of Mr.Vivek:
(a)On 1st january,2010,sameer informs vivek that mahesh’s acceptance for Rs 32,000 endorsed to sameer has been dishonoured.noting charges Rs 800.
(b)On 1st February,2010,subhash renews his acceptance of vivek for Rs 30,000 by paying Rs 14,000 in cash and accepting fresh bill for the balance plus interest @ 10% p.a. for 3 months
(c).on 5th February 2010,Dinesh retired his acceptance to vivek for Rs 12,000 by paying Rs 11,600 in cash
(d).On 1st march 2010 vivek sent a bill on sohan for Rs 20,000 to Bank for collection.Bank informed that the bill has been dishonoured by sohan.
Show the journal of vivek.

Problem no 5th solutions :
IN THE BOOKS OF MR.VIVEK
DATE PARTICULARS L.F AMOUNT AMOUNT
2010
JAN.1. Mahesh’s A/c………………………………Dr.32,000

    To Sameer’s A/c……………………….Cr 32,000
(Being Mahesh’s accept endorsed to sameer dishonored)
Jan .1. Mahesh’s A/c……………………………….Dr.
   To Sameer’s A/c………………………..Cr.
(Being noting charges paid and adjusted)
800

800
Feb 1. Subhash’s A/c ………………………………Dr30,000
     To Bills Receivable……………………Cr.30,000
(Being bill cancelled at the request of subhash)



Feb.1. Subhash’s A/c……………………………..Dr.
    To interest A/c…………………………Cr.
(Being interest on balance amount due from subhash) 30,000

30,000
Feb.1. Cash/Bank A/c……………………………..Dr.14,000
    To Subhash’s A/c……………………Cr.14,000
(Being part payment received)


Feb.1. Bills Receivable A/c………………………Dr.16,400
    To Subhash’s A/c………………………Cr.16,400
(Being new acceptance received for balance including interest)


Feb.5. Cash/Bank A/c………………………..Dr.11,600
Rebate A/c………………………………Dr.400
    To Bills Receivable A/c……………….Cr12,000

     
 

12,000
Mar.1 Bank for collection A/c…………………Dr.20,000
     To Bills Receivable A/c……………...Cr20,000
(Being bill sent to bank for collection)


Mar.1 Sohan’s A/c ……………………………….Dr.20,000
   To Bank for collection A/c ………..Cr20,000
(being sohan’s accept sent to the bank dishonoured)

1.COS(A+B)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB

2.cos(A-B)=cosAcosB+sinAsinB

3.sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB

4.sin(A-B)=sinAcosB-cosAsinB

5.tan(A+B)= (tanA+tanB)/(1-tanAtanB)

6.tan(A-B)= (tanA-tanB)/(1+tanAtanB)      

Single angles

1sinx=3sin(x/3)-4sin³ (x/3)

          =2sin(x/2)cos(x/2)

2.cosx=cos²(A/2)-sin²(A/2)

             =1-2sin²(A/2)

             =2cos²(A/2)            

             =(1-tan²(x/2)/ (1+tan²(x/2)          

3.tanx=(2tan(x/2))÷(1-tan² (x/2))

           =(3tan(x/2))-(tan³( x/2))÷(1-3tan⁴( x /2))

 Double angles

1.sin2x=2sinxcosx=2tanx/1+tan²x

2.cos2x=cos²x-sin²x

              =2cos²x-1=1-2sin²x

              =1-tan² x/1+ tan² x

3.tan2x=2tanx/1-tan²x        

                     

Triple angles

1.sin3x=3sinx-4sin³x

2.cos3x=4cos²x-3cosx

3.tan3x=(3tanx-tan³x)/(1-3tan²x)

Product to sum

1.sinAsinB=1/2[cos(A-B)-cos(A+B)]

2.cosAcosB=1/2[cos(A-B)+cos(A+B)]

3.sinAcosB=1/2[sin(A+B)+sin(A-B)]

4.cosBsinA=1/2[sin(A+B)-sin(A-B)]

Sum to product

1.sinA+sinB=2sin [A+B/2]cos [A-B/2]

2.cosA+cosB=2cos [A+B/2]cos [A-B/2]

3.sinA-sinB=2cos [A+B/(2)]sin [A-B/2]

4.cosA-cosB=-2sin [A+B/2]sin [A-B/2]

Square forumula

Sin² x=(1-cos2x)÷2

Cos² x=(1+cos2x)÷2

Tan² x=(1-cos2x)÷(1+cos2x)

Sin² (x/2)=(1-cosx)÷2

Cos² (x/2)=(1+cosx)÷2

Tan² (x/2)=(1-cosx)÷(1+cosx)

Additional formulas

(1)1+sin2x=(cos x+sin x)

(2)1-sin2x=(cos x-sin x)

(3)1+sinx=(cos(x/2)+sin(x/2)

(4)1-sinx=(cos(x/2)-sin(x/2)

(5)1+cos2x=2 cos² x    

(6)1-cos2x=2 sin² x

(7).(1-cosx)=2sin²(x/2)

(8).(1+cosx)=2cos²(x/2)

When “2” is multiplied

(1).2sinAcosB=sin(A+B)+sin(A-B)

(2)2cosAsinB=sin(A+B)-sin(A-B)

(3)2cosAcosB=cos(A+B)+cos(A-B)

(4)2sinAsinB=cos(A-B)-cos(A+B)

(5)tan(∏+A)=1+tanA/1-tanA

(6)tan(∏-A)=1-tanA/1+tanA

(7)tan^-1  (x+y)/(1-xy)= tan^-1x+ tan^-1x

(8)tan^-1(x-y)/(1+xy)=  tan^-1x- tan^-1x

Algebraic forumula

1.a⁰ =1

2.a²-b²=(a+b)(a-b)

3.a³-b³=(a-b)(a²+ab+b²)

4. a³+b³=(a+b)(a²-ab+b²)

5.(a+b)³=a³+3a²b+3ab²+b³     

6.(a-b)³=a³-3a²b+3ab²-b³          

 Double angles

1.sin2x=2sinxcosx=2tanx/1+tan²x

2.cos2x=cos²x-sin²x

              =2cos²x-1=1-2sin²x

              =1-tan² x/1+ tan² x

3.tan2x=2tanx/1-tan²x        

                     

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Trigonometric formulas of standard angles

	0°	30°	45°	60°	90°	180°	270°	360°
sin	0	1/2	1/√2	√3/2	1	0	-1	0
Cos	1	√3/2	1/√2	1/2	0	-1	0	1
Tan	0	1/√3	1	√3	N.D	0	N.D	0
cot	N.D	√3	1	1/√3	0	N.D	0	N.D
cosec	N.D	2	√2	2/√3	1	N.D	-1	N.D
Sec	1	2/√3	√2	2	N.D	-1	N.D	1

Trigonometric ratios of allied angles

Trigo-ratios	allied angles	- θ	π/2-θ	π/2+θ	π-θ	π+θ	3π/2-θ	3π/2+θ	2π-θ	2π+θ
sin		-sin θ	cos θ	cos θ	sin θ	-sin θ	-cos θ	-cos θ	-sin θ	sin θ
Cos		Cos θ	sin θ	-sin θ	-cos θ	-cos θ	-sin θ	sin θ	Cos θ	Cos θ
Tan		-tan θ	cot θ	-cot θ	-tan θ	tan θ	cot θ	-cot θ	-tan θ	tan θ
cot		-cot θ	tan θ	-tan θ	-cot θ	cot θ	tan θ	-tan θ	-cot θ	cot θ
Cosec		-cosec θ	Sec θ	Sec θ	cosec θ	-cosec θ	-Sec θ	-Sec θ	-cosec θ	cosec θ
sec		Sec θ	cosec	-cosec θ	-Sec θ	-Sec θ	-cosec θ	cosec θ	Sec θ	Sec θ